报告1. Massive  Phytoplankton Bloom Under Arctic Sea ice
Arctic sea ice is changing very rapidly with a major decline in multi-year ice associated with warming of the Arctic region.  While there has been substantial research on potential higher phytoplankton productivity associated with open water during late summer, and also the timing of blooms coming earlier, little work has been done on the dynamics of phytoplankton under annual sea ice that has replaced multi-year ice.  The annual sea ice in late winter still to covers a vast area.  In the past much of that area was multi-year ice that is 3-4 m thick with a very rough surface related to ridging caused by wind and drift dynamics over many years. By contrast, the annual sea ice is rarely more than 1.5 m thick and very smooth on its surface. During early summer as the surface of the annual ice starts to warm, shallow melt ponds form that may comprise more than 60% of the total area of ice cover. These melt ponds change the surface reflectance of sea ice, allowing 60-70% of the light to penetrate compared to less than 20% penetration through multi-year ice. This allows for unexpected blooms to form

报告2. The Potential of Algae for the New Biomass Paradigm Required for Sustainability
Algae can produce 2-5x more biomass per area and time than terrestrial crops and can thrive on saline water and utilize point-source waste nutrients and CO2.  Engineered systems for algae can be placed on non-arable land. Thus the potential for algae crops to be used for animal feed and biofuels can contribute to serious challenges including fresh water and arable land depletion, loss biodiversity due to clearing for terrestrial agriculture, and issues related to excess nutrient loading from agriculture and climate change related to fossil fuel combustion.  The fundamentals of algae growth, physiology and modeling within the abiotic growth control matrix (light, temperature and nutrients) and a summary of the current state of the research and development of algae globally will be reviewed.